Forest canopy density is an important criterion for forestry application. Several methods were introduced to compute these criteria. None manual methods use multispectral images to determine the canopy density. It also could be extracted from Arial images manually.

To this end, spatial information
from IKONOS panchromatic image and spectral information from IKONOS multispectral
image was employed. Spatial resolutions of these images are 1m and 4m and the numbers
of bands are 1 and 4, respectively. The validity of the proposed method was substantiated
through comparison of IKONOS original image to the reconstructed image.

The Satellite Navigation solution is the most preferable, effective and economic aid to various Low and Medium Grade Inertial Sensors in order to get better Navigation accuracy for medium and long duration of navigation solutions. The navigation data from INS and Sat. Receiver at different intervals is synchronized and fused together by using Kalman Filter algorithm so as to obtain precise Navigation solution as long as Sat.

The geoid can be determined using different method such as gravimetric, astro-geodetic, GPS/ Levelling and “satlevel”. ‘Satlevel’ is a new method of geoid determination, in which the ellipsoidal height is used with orthometric height to model the geoid. Geoid modelling is a process of developing mathematical algorithms to represent the geoid. This is the reference surface for orthometric height. Geoid is one of the geodetic surfaces.

Historical maps represent a valuable cultural and scientifi c heritage. Maps are much more than just physical representations of a territory at a certain time. Personal beliefs, political interests and cultural views are also a part of the message sent by maps through time.

Some of this publicity relates to the UK’s developments in the area of detecting GNSS interference, specifically the GAARDIAN program (for GNSS Availability, Accuracy, Reliability anD Integrity Assessment for Timing and Navigation). This was a wide collaboration between government, academia, and industry to develop a robust system for analyzing interference phenomena associated with GPS and eLoran systems and the effects on their use in safetyand mission-critical applications.

The United Nations Programme on Space Applications, the Offi ce for Outer Space Affairs held the United Nations International Meeting on Applications of Global Navigation Satellite Systems at the United Nations Offi ce at Vienna, Vienna International Centre, in Vienna from 12 to 16 December 2011. The Meeting was co-sponsored by the United States of America through International Committee on GNSS (ICG).

September 2012:
ION GNSS 2012, September 17-21(Tutorials and CGSIC: September 17-18),
NAshville Convention Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. www.ion.org;

On August 6, 2012 Mankind accomplishes another feat,
When our curiosity to locate life Beyond the Earth,
Finally, landed Curiosity – the NASAs Rover, on Mars.

Objective of accuracy investigation In this study, accuracy investigation of the corrected MMS measurement data by LMU and the mapping data derived from these corrected data were carried out to establish the most appropriate land mark point asignment (position intervaletc.) method at GPS invisible period. The target mapping scale is 1/500 and required accuracy is 25cm RMS for both horizontaland vertical.