GNSS positioning in the urban environment remains challenging, because of the occurrence of many satellite signal reflection and diffraction, also called multipath, that, in the best case, combine with the direct signal, but – in the worst case when the direct signal is obscured – make signal tracking drift unboundedly.

GNSS-based positions can be obtained in two general ways – Absolute (or Autonomous) Positioning and Differential (or Relative) Positioning. Absolute positioning…

In the context of structural monitoring, GPS technology made possible the structures behaviour monitoring in terms of absolute displacements, relative to a fixed global reference frame…

The following are the parameters on which the accuracy of the DGPS depends- LB, OT, number of visible satellites (affects geometry), relative geometry of satellites and change in geometry and Signal to noise ratio (SNR) of received satellite signals. Joao et al 2010 had investigated the DGPS…

The set of satellite systems for global navigation that are functioning or are expected to be launched in the future, in English are called GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), whereas in Albanian it will be SSNG (Sistemi satelitor për navigim global). This system allows determining the position in the whole globe…

The demand for recognizing the user position is steadily increasing not only in the outdoor but also in the indoor. In the outdoor, the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is available and guarantees high levels of positioning accuracy..

With the advent of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology and its data accessibility, many precise geodetic applications such as deformation mentoring…

In areas such as the environment of the city, for reasons such as multipath and GPS signal blocking, accurate position estimation is difficult only GPS system. The study such as GPS/INS, GPS/DR has been performed. Location estimation technique that combines vehiclemounted sensors, camera

GPS Precise Point Positioning (PPP) technique has attracted many users due to its lower cost and comparable precision to the differential technique. A drawback of a single GNSS system, however, is the availability of sufficient number of visible satellites in urban areas.

Over the past three decades the only two available Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have been the American GPS and the Russian GLONASS. Although these systems have been initially developed for military…