This section presents the structure of a mobile field robot, including a robotic base and an embedded circuit board design.

The automation of agriculture has become a significant concern due to the benefits of increased productivity and enhanced operational safety developed in 1997 [1]. In recent years, with the on-going development of mechatronic techniques, traditional manual work has been replaced by automated tools, such as the harvester, mower, and sprayer [2]. However, more specialized farming work still requires human manipulation of farming machinery….

Much has already been written about how the smartphone is sounding the death knell for the personal navigation device (PND), and indeed, traditional PND manufacturers have struggled to cope with this new threat – most are bleeding badly from their PND units.

High-performance autonomous pedestrian dead-reckoning (PDR) systems usually include 6 degrees-offreedom (DOF) inertial measurements unit (IMU) to calculate position of the user. These systems don’t rely on GPS signals and preinstalled infrastructure such as RF beacons, Wi-Fi routers, ultrasonic transmitters etc.

A casual Internet search can uncover much concern about the abruptness – and a potential for unnecessary “dodgesjust- in-case-the-azimuth direction…” – and the safety – of the climb / dive combination. Those and other capability restrictions are traceable to limited pre- GPS technology – highly dependent on transponders.

The Satellite Navigation solution is the most preferable, effective and economic aid to various Low and Medium Grade Inertial Sensors in order to get better Navigation accuracy for medium and long duration of navigation solutions. The navigation data from INS and Sat. Receiver at different intervals is synchronized and fused together by using Kalman Filter algorithm so as to obtain precise Navigation solution as long as Sat.

Guidance and steering control systems that are now in widespread use by farmers for ploughing and cultivating the land with unprecedented accuracy, require centimetre-level position as well as attitude information accurate to a few degrees. Additionally, position and attitude update rate of no less than 10Hz is required for successful guidance in agricultural environments. Guidance and steering control systems rely particularly on heading and roll measurements to steer the tractor on parallel straight lines or curves known as plough lines.

The paper presents the current and uniform approaches to sailing calculations highlighting recent developments. We published the first part of the paper in May 11. Here we present the concluding part.

Adam Weintrit Piotr Kopacz
The geometry of approximating structures implies the calculus essentially, in particular the mathematical formulae in the algorithms applied in the navigational electronic devices and systems. Thus, we place special emphasis on the geometrical base of the subject.

Matthew Anseau
As the consumer satellite navigation industry continues to evolve, it is interesting to look at the various business models of the industry players and how these drive their market positioning. At a basic level, we see two types of business models currently in the industry. On one side, there are the map providers; a mixture of global and regional/local players and on the other, data-driven technology firms such as Google (Google Maps) and Microsoft (Bing Maps). Whilst the former have expertise in map development and navigation, the latter tend to be stronger in content acquisition and management.