For security purposes and safe and flawless operation of the Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) “Kozloduy” at the end of the last century it was given the task to build a monitoring system. As a major component of this system was to be built precise geodynamic…

Along with the damage to buildings and infrastructure, the April 25, 2015 Mw7.8 Gorkha earthquake caused quite significant deformation over a large area in…

Time originally determined by the standard clock is called proper time, and the time calculated under the relativistic framework is called coordinate time. The time conversion calculated under the relativistic framework comes to precession, nutation, and polar motion correction models which calculate…

The current National Geodetic Vertical Network (NGVN) in the Saudi Arabia is based mainly upon a series of leveling runs carried out during 1966 – 1970…

VLBI plays a unique role in the practical realization and maintenance of the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) and International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), it is also the only technique which provides the full set of Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP)[1]…

Reference systems are used in Geodesy, Astronomy and Spatial information science extensively. In addition to well established systems like ICRF, MOD, TOD, and WGS84, various other systems are available that arise from intermediate or approximate transformations [6]…

Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI) has developed and operated nationwide GNSS continuous observation network, GEONET, since 1996. The GSI has gradually updated system of GEONET and the upgrade has enabled GEONET to receive more and more signals…

Courseware, which is centered on a computer, is a kind of modern teaching technology based on digital processing techniques and audio-visual technology. Courseware can store, transmit, process, convert and search teaching materials by integrating a variety of media information such as words, voice and images and so on, according to teachers’ teaching design[1-3]. Courseware is able to improve the effect of teaching because…

The Corona program was a series of American strategic reconnaissance satellites produced and operated by the Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology with substantial assistance from the U.S. Air Force. The Corona satellites were used for photographic…

Positioning with GPS can be categorized into two broad groups: absolute (single point positioning) and relative (or differential) positioning….