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Even in 1996 it was reported that over half of the world’s population lived within 60 km of the shoreline (Turner et al, 1996). This trend has continued with an increase in the population in question. Small Island Developing States (SIDS), such as those in the Caribbean, tend to have much of their population live along coasts.

Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI) is the governing institute on geodetic survey and mapping. It manages about 130,000 geodetic reference points in Japan and their survey results are consistent with the International Terrestrial Reference Frame. The recent development of GNSS technology led to more than 1,200 GNSS-based control stations with operation system called GEONET as new geodetic reference points.