Saudi Arabia is a land of rush infrastructure development. Billions are spent in construction of huge projects like smart cities, universities, etc…

Water is essential for all forms of life and ecosystems. Rivers are essential as they serve humans with ample fresh water supply. Although rivers contain only 0.0001% of the total global water, they are key carriers of nutrients and water worldwide (Wetzel, 2001)…

Emergent coastal structures such as groins, detached offshore breakwaters, and sea walls have been successfully adopted as coastal protection measures for many decades (Dean and Dalrymple, 2001: Silvester and Hsu, 1997). These type of structures are common in the US and Europe (Dean and Dalrymple, 2001), and even more so in Japan, where Seiji et al.

Detailed spatial information about environmental pollution/climate change is indispensable for land resources management, environmental decisionmaking and sustainable development. Distribution patterns of soil copper (Cu) content have a large potential to affect plant growth

The European Commission, Directorate- General Environment, is inviting comments on the implementation of the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) Directive (2007/2/EC).

Spatio-temporal rainfall changes at tropics had raised concern among scientists. However, comprehensive studies at catchment scale of Southeast Asia where the combined regional and local factor is a tough task to be carried out due to the inherent limitations of rainfall data sources especially in the remote

Most applied methods to determine the tourism demand depend on the availability of demographic data, social and economic characteristics of tourists, tourism customs, the quality of tourist activities and facilities, and other foundations such as the capacity of the tourist destination, and its accessibility…

Burgeoning energy needs in the 21st century are driving demands for more petroleum products. These needs were hitherto met by using pipes to transport required energy products over long distances within countries and across borders, from their sources to respective destinations (Chai et al, 2006; Yildirim et al, 2007; Dubey, 2009). However, increase in global…

Slums in Egypt – as in many developing countries – are considered as one of the most important problems in Egypt. There are about 1,100 slum areas hosting about 16 million inhabitants. Slums in Egypt vary considerably in their characteristics which make prioritization and intervention policy a debatable issue.

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) Ministry of Interior (MOI) has initiated a major development program for its Border Guard (BG) to develop the BG’s organization into a 21st century security force capable of delivering comprehensive border protection [KSA MOI 2007]. Such a sustainable approach requires a comprehensive modernization and integration of command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR), supporting…