Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology has revolutionised the way 3-dimensional positions are determined on and above the Earth’s surface. GNSS-based positioning has become a vital tool for a wide range of applications in areas such as surveying, mapping, asset management, precision agriculture, engineering and construction. A lesser known application that has benefited immensely from the introduction of GNSS technology is animal tracking.

The main focus of this paper is the spectral and spatial characterization of GNSS jammers with specific emphasis on multi-frequency wideband jammers which are able to simultaneously jam up to three frequencies. The paper extends previous analysis to jammers also operating in the L2 and L5 bands

Time series that can fi nd application in every area of science as related to its associated technology are often indispensable application area in the science of statistics, and sometimes in econometrics.

The Indian Spa ce Research Organisation (ISRO) is in the process of deploying the Indian Regional Navigation System (IRNSS), a dual frequency service system. Another contribution by ISRO in the area of Navigation system is GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN)

Indian Regional Navigation Satellites System (IRNSS) is the world’s fi rst regional navigation system with its footprint primarily over the Indian subcontinent. The system is expected to have seven satellites in all, with three satellites in GEO stationary and four in GEO synchronous orbits (Kibe & Gowrishankar 2008). IRNSS is dual use and supports two frequencies on either service of operation.

The information on orbital parameters, navigation signals and technical characteristics of systems and networks in the radionavigation-satellite service (RNSS) (space-to-Earth, space-to-space) operating in the bands 1 164-1 215 MHz, 1 215-1 300 MHz, and 1 559-1 610 MHz are presented in this Recommendation.

Today global navigation systems have become a part of our everyday life. It is part of many useful things and assisted people in many ways. It is part of the marine, aircraft and traffic issues – from private user up to logistic cooperation. Also it is used in agricultural companies for precise farming as well as for information systems in all kind of tasks like geology, archeology, hydrology and a lot more. In the sector of engineering, it supports and guides the construction machines.

As of February 2007, a Tide Gauge (TG) was set up in the Pasaia Harbour, in northern Spain (Figure 1). The main reason for such location was the existence of a Permanent GNSS Station and the access to the Internet and electricity in the AZTifacilities 15 m away.

BeiDou is the Chinese pronunciation of the Big Dipper, which consists of seven stars located exactly at the north sky. Chinese people used BeiDou for identifying directions as long back as the ancient times. They also invented the world’s first navigation device based on terrestrial magnetism, the ancient compass, whose Chinese pronunciation is Sinan.

The project involves the establishments of a full complement of SBAS consisting of 15 Indian Reference Stations (INRES), 3 Indian Land Up-link Stations (INLUS), 2 Indian Master Control Centers (INMCC), 2 Geo-Stationary Navigation Payloads and with all the associated software and communication links.