This paper is intended to establish living structure – a physical phenomenon and mathematical concept – as a formal concept or foundation for maps and mapping

Bin Jiang

Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Division of GIScience, University of Gävle, Sweden

Terry Slocum

Professor, Department of Geography and Atmospheric Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA

Abstract
The Earth’s surface or …

Rural development is one of the priority programs in Indonesia today. Upto two billion Rupiah villages fund will be granted for each village. Rural development requires comprehensive planning. This requires a village map and village information system [1]…

National mapping policy 2005 has recommended the usage of UTM as projection for Open Series Maps (OSM), however there were reservations on adopting UTM for Defense Series Maps (DSM). Accordingly LCC with certain proprietary modifications was found suitable for DSM.