A yen for regional navigation

From an International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) perspective, ICAO document A32-19 establishes and affirms the fundamental legal principles governing the use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) by ICAO contracting States. A key theme of A32-19 is preservation of State authority and responsibility for the provision of air navigation services in their sovereign airspace. Specific State requirements are further clarified in principle number four of A32- 19. This principle specifi cally states that: “Every State providing GNSS services…shall ensure the continuity, availability, integrity, accuracy and reliability of such services…including effective arrangements to minimize the operational impact of system malfunctions or failure and to achieve expeditious service recovery”.

GPS is becoming a mainstay of everyday life in Japan; the Government
of Japan (GOJ) is responsible for providing air navigation services in sovereign airspace; it is difficult to receive GPS signals in Japan due to mountainous terrain, and tall buildings. These provided incentives for the GOJ to investigate the practicality of developing a standalone GPS-compatible system capable of independently satisfying position, velocity and time requirements for Japan and throughout the Asian region.

Real-World Issues

Cost

A regional solution for meeting Japanese position, velocity and timing needs will require resources and long-term investment.

The US has invested billons of dollars to design, develop and implement a GPS “system”. This investment goes well beyond building and launching satellites. The critical “brains” of GPS (the ground control segment with its Master Control Station, Monitoring Stations, Control Stations, Processors, Software, Communications, Security, etc.) assures the satellites perform and the “overall system” enables reliable position, velocity and time within SPS specifications. Then, there is the upfront and recurring cost of things that are not generally seen, such as the papers and guidance directions provided by the scientific community; development of interfaces, compatibilities, documentation, standardization, upgrades, training, etc.

The other critical cost dynamic is sustaining a space-based system once it is operational. Replenishing satellites, coordinating launcher availability, schedules, risk mitigation (in the event of a launch failure), or an anomalous event causing the disruption of satellite signals. requires an enormous amount of planning, knowledge, investment and most importantly experience.

Time Scale

If Japan is going to seriously consider fielding an independent GPS-compatible system, then the system is needed as soon as possible- -not 10-15 years from now. Once again, practical experience is critical to select the best systems and subsystems, take advantage of approved standards, documentation, international guidelines, and employ proven risk mitigation techniques, etc. The net result is that the time to field an independent GPS-compatible system should be reduced.

Equipment compatibility

GPS user equipment has a well established manufacturing base. Those making GPS receivers and GPS “engines” have the knowledge, experience and wherewithal to provide useable equipment. If an independent GPS-compatible Japanese system is going to be embraced and provide benefits for all users, then user equipment must be readily available and affordable.

If the manufacturers have to “invent” new user equipment technology and components to accommodate a Japanese regional system, there is an established process to support the “invention” in Japan. Part of this process (particularly for aviation applications) involves the development of manufacturing standards and recommended practices. Standards and recommended practices can literally take years to develop and be accepted by the international community. Standards and recommended practices, associated research and development, testing, component design, interfaces, etc. require investment on the part of those manufacturers planning to produce user equipment. These costs will be recovered by those manufacturers producing the user equipment.

The net result of an “invention requirement” for GPS-compatible Japanese user equipment: getting user equipment to the marketplace will be delayed and equipment will likely not be readily available; and GPScompatible Japanese user equipment costs will be increased–likely higher than today’s GPS equipment.

Opportunities

GPS was fully funded by the US Department of Defense (DoD) and the US Department of Transport (DoT) to satisfy position, velocity and time requirements as well as “other” military missions. The point is that the fundamental GPS ‘bus’ being used by the US DoD can accommodate additional payloads besides the navigation payload.

Japanese GPS-compatible regional satellite system will not necessarily have the same requirements as the US DoD GPS satellites. This affords the opportunity to explore the inclusion of other payloads onboard the fundamental GPS ‘bus’– such as communication and weather packages. These payloads could be used to generate revenues to offset the overall cost to the GOJ for the design, development, deployment, operation and maintenance of a Japanese GPScompatible regional satellite system.

Ownership

Additional payloads and the opportunity to generate revenue, begs the question regarding who should own and operate a Japanese GPScompatible regional satellite system.

The US government owns and operates GPS. However, a strong and practical argument can be made to allocate ownership and operation of a Japanese GPS-compatible regional satellite system to a commercial enterprise. This argument is essentially business based–upfront investment costs, revenue generation, return on investments and overall system sustainment. Counter arguments to the business based argument focus on States’ responsibilities, and subsequent liabilities as well as continuity of the commercial enterprise. For instance, should a Japanese GPS-compatible regional satellite system be used to support aviation navigation, then principle number four of A32- 19 (described earlier) applies.

However, it is quite possible that a cooperative government-industry arrangement could be established in order to accommodate Japanese government responsibilities for assuring GNSS services while offsetting government spending by taking advantage of commercial investments.

Options

Real-world issues as highlighted in the previous section have established a path for the Japanese decision makers to follow when formulating an approach for developing a GPScompatible Regional Satellite System capable of serving Japan as well as all of Asia. The significance and importance of these issues such as:

•   Cost: initial and longterm commitments

• Time: GPS is here today– we need an independent and complementary system now

•  Compatibility: GPS is being used today, more of the same is better and smarter

•  Opportunities: GPS is a bus– it can carry other payloads

•  Ownership: government, industry or both–it is a questionwere viewed differently by Japanese government and industry representatives. These differences of opinion had a positive effect because they resulted in several program options for a Japanese GPScompatible regional satellite system. In the end, these options provided a basis for moving forward with a comprehensive Japanese program.

A brief overview of two viable options will be provided prior to discussing the current status of the Japanese program.

Option A: Japanese Regional Navigation Satellite System (JRANS)

In September 2000, the JRANS concept was developed by a Japanese industry partnership of ITOCHU Corporation, NEC Corporation and TOSHIBA Corporation. JRANS conceptual briefings were provided to several Japanese government representatives as well as US government and industry personnel working with GPS.

Based on the positive feedback from these initial briefi ngs, ITOCHU and NEC TOSHIBA Space Systems, Ltd. (“NTSpace”, a joint venture between NEC and TOSHIBA formed in April 2001 to merge their respective space business) continued working and discussing the JRANS concept with Japanese and US government and industry personnel. The JRANS concept and developmental approach was further refined to satisfy current and future operational requirements and assure full compatibility and interoperability with GPS. Highlights of the JRANS concept are:

• Fully complementary, interoperability and compatibility with GPS

• Capable of autonomous navigation and complementary / regional backup for GPS

• Satellite coverage will be regional (i.e. over Asia, see figure 1.)

• Free of direct user charges (like GPS)

• Private sector can participate and provide commercial servic

The proposed JRANS program is atwo-phase build-up of quasi-zenith orbit (QZO), then another quasi-zenith and geostationary orbiting satellites (QZO and GEO), see figure 1.

For a satellite navigation receiver to calculate a solution, four satellite signals in view with good geometry must be received to determine latitude, longitude, altitude and time. Satellite signals are “line-of sight” transmissions and can be easily blocked by high terrain, buildings, etc. This blocking of the signals is referred to as masking. Use of GPS in Japan can be difficult because of this masking situation. Natural geographic features, such as mountainous terrain and manmade features, such as tall buildings often render GPS services unavailable in the most critical of situations.

The advantage of a fully populated (7 satellite) constellation is having four satellites in view, at high mask angles, broadcasting GPS-type information, being controlled by Japan, and in coordination with the U.S. under the bilateral security treaty.

Having four Japanese GPScompatible satellites in view at higher elevations is particularly beneficial for those operating in mountainous areas and “urban canyons”, as illustrated by Figure 2:

For GNSS users in Asia, there will also be a significant improvement in overall end state user performance as a result of better geometric dilution of precision (GDOP). Recall, GDOP is all geometric factors that degrade the accuracy of position fixes derived from externally referenced navigation systems.

Specifi cally, for a user in Tokyo Japan, using only GPS, the GDOP for a 10 degree mask angle is 2.39; the GDOP for a 30 degree mask angle is 6.88. That same user, at the same location, using GPS and JRANS together would have a GDOP of 1.80 at a 10 degree mask angle and a GDOP of 3.59 with a 30 degree mask angle. Given that a 30 degree mask angle is typical for Japanese urban areas (Figure 2), the improvement (from a GDOP of 6.88 with GPS only to 3.59 with GPS and JRANS) will improve the overall performance accuracy thereby increasing the utility of satellitebased position, velocity and time.

When one takes into consideration both JRANS signals and GPS signals, the combined benefits for an end state user–in terms of available satellite signals–are quite signifi cant, as illustrated in Figure 5:

Option B: QZSS

The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) option is actually the first phase of JRANS, as mentioned above, three satellites in quasizenith orbit (Figure 1).

In June 2002, the GOJ’s Council for Science and Technology Policy of the Cabinet Office gave the go-ahead to begin working on QZSS research and development. The government role can be classified as research and development. The plan is to design and develop the first three QZSS satellites and the budget (US$52M in FY2003 and US$77M in FY2004) hasbeen approved respectively. Several Japanese government agencies are involved in this fi rst phase, to include:

• MEXT (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology): Experimental satellite positioning technology

• MIC (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications): Precise timing control and communication

• METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry): Key technologies for advanced satellite bus

• MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation): High-accuracy DGPS augmentation system

A notional QZSS development schedule has been prepared and is expected to be used for planning and budgeting purposes. Overall, the GOJ is planning to invest approximately JPY50B (US$430Mn) in research and development funding for QZSS during the period 2003- 2009. The notional schedule is:

• FY 2003: Definition Phase (US$50Mn budget approved)

• FY 2004: Research & Development Phase (US$74Mn budget approved)

• FY 2005-2008: Engineering & Manufacturing Phase

• FY 2009: 1st Satellite Launch

From a commercial perspective, and in addition to the basic navigation functions that will be fully compatible with GPS, QZSS can provide communication services, broadcasting services and differential GPS services. In November 2002, in response to these commercial opportunities, Japanese industry jointly formed the Advanced Satellite Business Corporation (ASBC) to conduct the feasibility study for determining the opportunities of using QZSS to provide commercial services, such as S-band communications and broadcasting for mobile users.

Current status

As indicated in the previous section, the GOJ has committed resources to begin the design and development of a GPS-compatible Regional Satellite System capable of serving Japan as well as all of Asia. It is also evident that the design and development road will be lengthy without support from the US.

Both Japanese government and industry recognize the importance of working cooperatively with US government and industry. As early as April 2002 at the CGSIC 39th meeting in Springfi eld, Virginia, ITOCHU and NTSpace have been making public presentations regarding Japanese planning efforts and opportunities for US-Japanese government and commercial cooperation.

From a government-to-government perspective, on 22 September, 1998 a US-Japan GPS partnership was forged when President William Clinton and Prime Minister Keizou Obuchi issued a joint statement regarding cooperation in the use of the GPS standard positioning service. Taking the statement, USJapan GPS Plenary Meetings have been held to further harmonize joint activities. In addition, the Plenary agreed to form a Joint Technical Working Group to further the close cooperation between the US and Japan The Working Group goals are essentially to:

• Assure maximum QZSS interoperability with GPS

• Optimize the QZSS design to maximize GPS-QZSS performance in Asia

• Increase commercial opportunities for GPS-QZSS applications

Future outlook for Asia

GPS reliance cannot be denied; neither can the signifi cance of GPS for a broad spectrum of Asian users. In general, the aviation community appears to have a well established set of performance requirements for satellite-based navigation and are actively pursuing the development and implementation of civil augmentation systems. However, these “wide area coverage” augmentation systems:

• US: Wide Area Augmentation Systems (WAAS)

• Europe: European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System (EGNOS)
• Japan: MTSAT Satellite-base Augmentation System (MSAS)

• India: GPS/GLONASS and Geostationary Augmented Navigation (GAGAN)

• Australia: Ground-based Regional Augmentation System (GRAS)

All have one thing in common: the US GPS. If GPS signals “go away” then the utility of these augmentation systems will be close to zero.

The Japanese government and industry personnel have carefully studied the significance of GPS on our daily lives, considered critical enabling issues, such as cost, time, GPS compatibility, additional business opportunities, and public/private ownership.

A decision was made to move forward with a GPS-compatible regional system capable of providing independent, satellite-based position, velocity and time services while taking advantage of the broad range of benefi ts available from GPS signals and the current GPS industry.

Most importantly for all of Asia, is that (in the near future) a combined US GPS and a standalone Japanese Regional Navigation Satellite System (RNSS) will provide a robust foundation for current and future generations of GPS users!