Operational and emerging Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and others provide high-accuracy determination of position, velocity and time for land, marine, airborne and other kinds of users.

GNSS positioning in the urban environment remains challenging, because of the occurrence of many satellite signal reflection and diffraction, also called multipath, that, in the best case, combine with the direct signal, but – in the worst case when the direct signal is obscured – make signal tracking drift unboundedly.

The 1960s to early 1970s were boom times for enrolments in surveying and geomatics programs in the state of NSW in Australia and I suspect other states as well. At the University of NSW (UNSW) at that time there were up to 100 students per year entering the program.

The main reason for FAO’s initial involvement in open source land administration software was that in the developing world, the move from paper based tenure records and related processes to computerized systems based on digital data flows had been slow, costly and often unsustainable.

The study area is located near the Koru (Lapseki/Çanakkale) village in northeastern part of the Biga Peninsula. Koru deposit is hosted by volcanic rocks which are directly related to economically significant mineralization such as Pb-Zn. This deposit is shaped by Tertiary volcanic units, including rhyolitic lava and tuffs.