In general, measurements are only “legal” if they are “traceable” to primary standards of measurement. A GPS measurement is “legally traceable” if: (i) it is carried out using the various test/calibration procedures as required by the Guidelines, and; (ii) the survey has followed the “recommended practices for field and office procedures” as described in the Guidelines. A GPS system testing/calibration program is considered a prerequisite for demonstrating “competence” and for assuring that GPS-derived coordinates are of a uniformly high quality. We recommend three tests: (a) a zerobaseline test, (b) calibration of the GPS equipment on an existing first order EDM/Total station baseline, and (c) connections to several existing first order geodetic control stations. It is essential that all GPS equipment be tested not only initially but periodically depending upon volume of usage of particular GPS equipment in case of surveys of first and second order accuracy. Details of these tests have been described in this paper.

Property restrictions Ownership and long term leasehold are the most important rights in land. The actual content of these rights may vary between countries and jurisdictions, but in general the content is well understood. Rights to land also include the rights of use. This right may be limited through public land use regulations and restrictions, sectoral land use provisions, and also various kind of private land use regulations such as easements, covenants, etc. Many landuse rights are therefore in fact restrictions that control the possible future use of the land. Land-use planning and restrictions are becoming increasingly important as a means to ensure effective management of land-use, provide infrastructure and services, protect and improve the urban and rural environment, prevent pollution, and pursue sustainable development. Planning and regulation of land activities cross-cut tenures and the land rights they support. How these intersect is best explained by describing two conflicting points of view – the free market approach and the central planning approach.

The control panel of the MRA2 Tellurometer It was in the late 1950s that the Tellurometer hit the surveying profession. Certainly it was not the first EDM instrument on the market, that title goes to the Geodimeter which appeared in 1947, but there was a difference. The Geodimeter worked on a light source and as such its maximum range was limited by visibility. The Tellurometer operated on a radiowave which could penetrate most weather conditions and achieved distances up to 100 miles. Since the early 1900s any long distance that was required to be measured as accurately as possible, e.g. a survey baseline, was determined using long tapes or wires suspended in catenary. Numerous baselines around the world were measured this way with each requiring 20 to 40 personnel over a period of several weeks. Then, suddenly, the profession had new tools that would allow such a task to be completed in 20 minutes by two persons. It was a revolution that completely changed the manner in which surveying operated.

A triumph of precision engineering Introduction The Bandra-Worli Sea Link (BWSL) is a civil engineering marvel spanning an arc of the Mumbai coastline. With its cable-stayed towers soaring gracefully skywards, the sea link is a reflection of the modern infrastructure that Mumbai is adding in its progress towards becoming a world-class city. The BWSL project is a part of the Western Freeway Sea Project, which, in turn, is a part of a larger proposal to upgrade the road transportation...

This article investigates the capability of GNSS aided smart sensor network positioning and Radio Frequency technology to monitor 3D deformation associated with volcanic activity and other comparable hazardous events Rainer Mautz Researcher and Lecturer in Engineering Geodesy at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich rainer.mautz@geod. baug.ethz.ch Washington Yotto Ochieng Professor of Positioning and Navigation Systems, Imperial College London Hilmar Ingensand Professor in Engineering Geodesy at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Many of the world’s volcanoes that...